Ethics in 360° audiovisual journalism and the (non) perceptions of the public La ética en el periodismo audiovisual 360° y las (no)percepciones del público
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Technological development implies ethical dilemmas for journalism, as each new way of presenting content brings peculiarities that confront established ethical guidelines. We believe that 360° audiovisual journalism is one of the new narrative possibilities that use emerging technologies. This study reflects on audiovisual journalistic narratives produced in 360° video seeking to identify ethical conflicts and ascertain which of them are perceived by the users participating in the research. Methodologically we developed bibliographic and documentary research, product analysis, and experimental research with users. We identified several ethical conflicts, but the participants demonstrated that they were not aware of which practices conflict with journalistic ethics.
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Aitamurto, T. (2019). Normative paradoxes in 360° journalism: Contested accuracy and objectivity. New Media & Society, 21(1), 3-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818785153
Baños, R., Botella, C., Alcañiz, M., Liaño, V., Guerrero, B. & Rey, B. (2004). Immersion and emotion: their impact on the sense of presence. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 7(6). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2004.7.734
Barbosa, S., Silva, F. & Lima, L. (2024). The Internet of Things and Its Impact on the Platformization of Journalism. In: J. Sixto-García, A. Quian, A. Rodríguez-Vázquez, A. Silva-Rodríguez & X. Soengas-Pérez (Eds). Journalism, Digital Media and the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63153-5_9
Christofoletti, R. (2018). Uma proposta de reforma para a ética jornalística. Estudos em jornalismo e mídia, 15(2), 145-148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5007/1984-6924.2018v15n2p145
De La Peña, N. (2019) Inventing Immersive Journalism: Embodiment, Realism and Presence in Nonfiction. [PhD thesis, University of Southern California]. http://bit.ly/4bT6XfM
De Le Peña, N., Weil, P., Llobera, J., Giannopoulos, E., Pomés, A., Spanlang, B., Friedman, D., Sanchez-Vives, M. V. & Slater, M. (2010). Immersive Journalismo: Immersive Virtual Reality for the First Person Experience of News. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 19(4), 291-301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00005
Diemer, J., Alpers, G., Peperkorn, H., Shiban, Y. & Mühlberger, A. (2015). The impact of perception and presence on emotion al reactions: a review of research in virtual reality. Frontiers in psychology, 6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00026
Duarte, J. (2006). Entrevista em profundidade. In: J. Duarte & Antonio Barros (Orgs.). Métodos e técnicas de pesquisa em comunicação (pp. 65-83). São Paulo: Atlas.
Goldenberg, M. (2004). A arte de pesquisar. Como fazer pesquisa qualitativa em Ciências Sociais. Rio de Janeiro: Record.
Green, D. P., Rose, M., Bevan, C., Farmer, H., Cater, K. & Fraser, D. S. (2021). ‘You wouldn’t get that from watching TV!’: Exploring audience responses to virtual reality non-fiction in the home. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 27(3), 805-829. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856520979966
Grigorovici, D. (2003). Persuasive Effects of Presence in Immersive Virtual Environments. In: G. Riva, F. Davide & W. A. Ijsselsteijn (Eds.). Being There: Concepts, effects and measurement of user presence in synthetic environments (pp. 191-107). Amsterdam: Ios Press.
Hardee, G. & Mcmahan, R. (2017). FIJI: A Framework for the Immersion-Journalism Intersection. Frontiers in ICT, 4.
Hayes, A. (2005). Statistical methods for communication Science. Mahwah, New Jersey, London: LEA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fict.2017.00021
Jones, S. (2017). Disrupting the narrative: immersive journalism in virtual reality. Journal of Media Practice, 18, 171-185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14682753.2017.1374677
Kool, H. (2016). The Ethics of Immersive Journalism: A rhetorical analysis of news storytelling with virtual reality technology. Intersect, 9(3).
Laws, A. L. & Utne, T. (2019). Ethics Guidelines for Immersive Journalism. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 6(28). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2019.00028
Lima, L. (2022). A experiência do usuário com conteúdos de jornalismo audiovisual em 360° e a centralidade da sensação de presença. [PhD thesis, Universidade Federal da Bahia].
Lima, L. & Ramalho, R. (2022). Reportagem em vídeo 360°: um estudo do efeito percebido em terceiros. Significação: Revista de Cultura Audiovisual, 49(58), 1-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-7114.sig.2022.185159
Lin, C. C. & Hsu, Y. C. (2019). Convergence of Virtual Reality and Real Virtuality: The New Ethical Thinking on Immersive Journalism. ATINER Conference Paper Series, Athens Institute for Education and Research ATINER.
Madary, M. & Metzinger, T. (2016). Real virtuality: A Code of ethical Conduct. Recommendations for Good Scientific Practice and the Consumers of vR-Technology. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 3(3), 1-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2016.00003
Nakagawa, T. (2017). Examining the Ethical Implications of Virtual Reality in Journalism [Master’s thesis, University of Missouri].
Pérez-Seijo, S. & López-García, X. (2019a). La ética del Periodismo Inmersivo a debate. Hipertext.net, 18, 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31009/hipertext.net.2019.i18.01
Pérez-Seijo, Sara; López-García, Xosé. (2019b). Five Ethical Challenges of Immersive Journalism: A Proposal of Good Practices’ Indicators. In: A. Rocha, C. Ferrás & M. Paredes (Eds.). Information Technology and Systems. Springer, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11890-7_89
Sampaio, R. & Lycarião, D. (2021). Análise de conteúdo categorial: manual de aplicação. Brasília: Enap.
Sangra, S. (2019). Scope and Ethical Implications of Immersive Storytelling and Journalism. Global Media Journal (Arabian Edition). https://bit.ly/4ksZiJ3
Santaella, L. (2001). Comunicação e pesquisa: projetos para mestrado e doutorado. São Paulo: Hacker Editores.
Steibel, F. (2014). Classificação Indicativa: uma análise do estado da arte da pesquisa sobre o tema no Brasil. In: A. Macedo, D. Pires & F. Anjos (Orgs.). A experiência da classificação indicativa no Brasil (pp. 27-49). Brasília: Ministério da Justiça. Secretaria Nacional de Justiça.
Vettehen, P. H., Wiltink, D., Huiskamp, Ma., Schaap, G. & Ketelaar, P. (2019). Taking the full view: How viewers respond to 360-degree video News. Computers in Human Behavior, 91, 24–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.09.018
Winques, K. & Longhi, R. R. (2020). Mediação, recepção e consumo frente à explosão dos algoritmos. In: Anais do 29° ENCONTRO ANUAL DA COMPÓS, Associação Nacional dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação.